How do interest groups try to influence policy? Do they ever succeed?
By (Student’s name)
Code+ course name
Professor’s name
University name
City, State
Date
assignment代写 The kind of strategy used by companies to compel their potential customers . To consider their products is···
Introduction assignment代写
The kind of strategy used by companies to compel their potential customers . To consider their products is the same way interest groups in the United States of America have bombarded . Or subjected the government to making certain policy decisions key to the American people. One would be inclined to wonder why interest groups seem to have so much influence . And the nature of their influence whether positive or negative.
Experts have continued to differ on the general impact of interest groups towards policy making. This essay will aim at understanding deeper how interest groups have influenced policy making decision in America in the past and present . And come up with rational conclusions as to whether interest groups in America have succeeded in the policy making either presently or in the past.
Even so assignment代写
it is important to understand that interest groups are well organized . And are a group of people sharing common objectives . And interests and have in the past actively attempted to influence policy makers. The discussion that does not seem to find and end or a solution .Is whether interest groups have really managed to influence policy making .
And if so to what extent are interest groups influential to the process of making policy decisions in America. Interest groups have in the past and recently rallied around one central issue which is normally their strategy. They have capitalised on issues such as gun control .Labor rights and marriage equality among some common issues in the US.
Understanding interest groups assignment代写
When thinking of interest groups, most people would probably associate them . With politicization of lawmakers and other politicians. In real sense, interest groups have advanced to more that . Influence in the political scene but also actively influencing state agencies . And how they make their regulations or policies.
First it’s important to clearly understand the concept before trying to explore their strategies .And whether or not they are successful in policy making decisions in the US. It is argued by many experts in matters government and governance that . Anyone with a view on a matter of public policy can be considered a special interest (Klüver, 2013).
On that same note interest groups are normally characterised as having specific agendas when it comes to public policy. Interest groups also try to advance their interests on legislative . And executive arms of the government with the aim to get recognized and heard. Political analysts have in the past and presently highlighted the influence of interest groups on US elections and therefore US politics.
Nothing could be further from the truth since the influence of interest groups on politics has been experienced a long while in US history. Generally, interest groups tend to be vested on certain specific interest . And are mainly politically active to influence policy making processes.
The effectiveness of interest groups according to many experts . In matters governance lies on power politics and popularity. For instance, interest groups such as teachers, labor unions . And public safety groups have in general enjoyed huge public support in the past and even in present day America.
As a result assignment代写
The special interest groups have dedicated large sums of money in the past and presently on political campaigns (Grossman and Helpman 2001). Their main reasons in so doing is . To create awareness of which political candidates they support for different positions of special interest to them. Interest groups do not just decide to influence certain political movements just for small gains.
They have huge interests and agendas that most people especially mere citizens are unable to even grasp. Interest groups go to lengths to first ensure their supporters turn out in large numbers to vote. Well as if that’s not enough, interest groups also have a great influence in the voter’s decisions when voting.
In addition interest groups members have actively tried to telephone the voters . Who are also their supporters to vote for their favourable candidates during elections. That according tom me is the first “war” interest groups fight in the bid to influence policy making decisions in the US. That is a good strategy in the journey to having an influence over politicians in lobbying them . To make certain policy decisions important to the interest groups.
Key ways interest groups utilize in attempt to influence policy making decisions assignment代写
The legislative arena is not an easy place to possess the kind of influence interest groups . Seem to have especially in the American system and politics. Nevertheless, interest groups have deployed significant amounts of money to make sure their strategies in pushing legislators . As well as other staff in the legislative arm of the government are not futile.
The special interest groups in America have gone to lengths of influencing the governor’s office . And other ideally powerful offices in the US governance system. They have been able to get to great links through similarly lobbying legislative staff . Committee staff and ultimately reach the higher goal which is either county bosses or the office of the president.
In so doing therefore assignment代写
Interest groups have been able to push the above mentioned positions either personally . Or through written communication in form of letters, emails, fax. With the advanced technology other channels . Such as social media platforms have become more helpful to interest groups more than ever in the American history.
Some interest groups with great influence over media have severally used media . And news channels to press their case against the specific systems they try to target (Berry, 2015). Techniques such as use of Twitter campaigns . And Facebook advertisements have become more popular in pushing interest groups agenda. Others have gone to extents of press releases, holding press conferences and rallies to push their agendas.
Some of the most influential interest groups have moved to creating favorable stories on news media to attract more attention. The government and its agencies on some occasions have been overrun . By the rising influence of interest groups especially due to the huge public support they get . From American citizens pushing for their agendas.
While interest groups push for certain interests assignment代写
Many people are inclined to reason in the way of law. The interest groups are often trying to affect decisions made by some of the most powerful people in America. Their strategies and tactics may as well be illegal as many are inclined to think and imagine. The interesting thing about interest groups is that they are not a bunch of people with similar interests.
One would be surprised at how organized interest groups are, almost like a government or a highly competitive company. Many are times you hear of professional lobbyists (Mahoney, 2007). The actions taken by these interest groups are formed on a legal basis by lawyers and other experts who they constantly consult before taking certain actions.
From a general point of view it’s easy to think the interest groups may be illegal. Their representatives are probably experts in governance and law and therefore their ability to take the drastic moves they make without having to break the law. Even so, at times they just push for answers from government agencies who at times may be forced to play ball.
Pros and cons of interest groups influence assignment代写
As seen above, interest groups influence on policy making is not illegitimate per se, in fact quite the opposite the influence by interest groups has been seen as an essential element in the policy making process. However, with regards to either advantages or disadvantages of their influence, interest groups depend on the level of power they may have in the groups as much as how power is distributed in the interest group (Bushman and Landsman 2010).
If the power is not proportionate then influence become inefficient to help push for their agenda. In the interest of power, there is a thin line in the relationship between interest groups and policy makers in the aspect of fine ethical lines which makes the barrier between participatory democracy or mere compromise or undue influence. Even so, in the discussion of whether interest groups succeed in influencing policy decisions it’s important to point out the advantages and disadvantages of influence by interest groups.
Potential benefits assignment代写
There still exists a huge gap in the research of benefits associated with interest groups influence over policy making. There is little evidence on such benefits on general policy making either. However according to a few experts, interest groups may help in improving policies made .And the process of policy making through provision of insights . And data on the specific areas of interest they may be targeting . As well as providing valuable knowledge on the implications of their recommendation.
Interest groups are also instrumental and significant especially assignment代写
When they present alternatives to policy decisions they think were made poorly. Their presentation of interests that are negatively impacted by policies made makes it easier for the policy makers to modify their decisions which works for the good of all American people (Gilens and Page 2014). Interest groups have also assumed the role to hold government accountable for the decisions they make to ensure policies are well implemented.
The influence of interest groups according to some researchers has been instrumental in lobbying against negative political influence and corruption common to many democracies. The lobbying according to research and results provided if well-regulated and controlled can be used as an instrument corruption and poor governance by exerting political influence to ensure firm performance in government arms such as the executive and the legislature.
Cons of interest groups assignment代写
Interest groups impact, if dark and unbalanced, may prompt managerial pay off, political debasement, unjustifiable impact and state catch. Uniquely in contrast to pay off and political debasement, which are more clear types of debasement, unjustifiable impact is more unpretentious and not really illicit.
Implying that vested parties may work out effect on strategy making without falling back on illicit installments (Kaufmann et al., 2000). In this unique circumstance, vested parties will endeavor to make a ‘feeling of correspondence’ with a public authority, for instance by legitimately making effort gifts, facilitating gatherings, giving exploration, among different courtesies.
Unjustifiable impact may likewise be… assignment代写
Unjustifiable impact may likewise beaccomplished by promising public authorities generously compensated future positions in the private area in return for help in forming guidelines, or by setting previous priests, parliamentarians in campaigning firms Lopsided and unregulated impact by interest gatherings may likewise prompt state catch.
Which happens at the point when firms shape and influence the definition of laws and guidelines through illegal private installments to public authorities and legislators; for example by unlawful commitments paid by private interests to ideological groups what’s more, political races; the offer of parliamentary votes on laws to private interests, among others.
Models from change economies show that the proprietorship and inception of a firm may assume a part on how they endeavor to practice impact. For example, state claimed or privatized endeavors are required to hold extensive admittance to and attaches with public authorities, improving their effect on the state without turning to unlawful installments. New firms, despite what is generally expected, are more averse to be compelling yet more probable, on the other hand, to depend on state catch or regulatory debasement to remunerate their absence of impact rests, among others.
The best practices that allows interest groups to continue being effective assignment代写
The Campaigning Divulgence Act (1995) requires the required library of lobbyists or any association utilizing a lobbyist with the Secretary of the Senate furthermore, the Agent of the Place of the Delegates. Lobbyists should unveil a wide scope of data, like their personalities and of their associations, characters and places of work of customers,.
Issues campaigned on (with points of interest on bits of enactment), as well as their pay (per customer) and complete campaigning consumptions at regular intervals. The law additionally requires that all enlistments and reports are made accessible for public review over the Web when actually practicable after the report is documented.
As far as forestalling irreconcilable circumstance, the US sets up a different framework for people possessing undeniable level positions. In the Presidential branch, the Workplace of Government Morals is liable for the different Sets of accepted rules and legal limitations, what’s more, at the bureaucratic level, the Morals in Government Act necessitates that possibility for chose workplaces.
Chosen authorities and undeniable level named authorities present a openly accessible individual monetary report The Demonstration sets up three sorts of reports (Turow 2007). (I) New participant/chosen one: due inside 30 days after expecting; (ii) occupant: due every year, no later than the May fifteenth after the covered schedule year, and; (iii) end: due at the latest the 30th day after leaving a covered position.
Interest parties may likewise endeavor to impact the conduct of lawmakers by publicizing their democratic records. assignment代写
Generally an administrator is given a score dependent on the level of times that the person casted a ballot for the gathering’s position. Intrigued residents may utilize this data when casting a ballot to reappoint an authority, and a horrible rating may humiliate a lawmaker. Indeed, an ecological gathering has recognized the 12 delegates who the gathering accepts have the most exceedingly awful democratic records on natural issues and named them the ‘Filthy Dozen.’
Another immediate method utilized by vested parties is to frame an alliance with different gatherings worried about a similar enactment. Individuals from such an alliance share expenses and duplicate the impact of their individual gatherings by consolidating their endeavors.
Different benefits of framing an alliance are that it obscures the particular interests of the individual gatherings included and causes it to create the impression that bigger public interests are in question. These coalitions are additionally proficient gadgets for holding similar gatherings back from copying each other’s campaigning endeavors.
One final direct procedure methodology utilized by interest groups is crusade help. Help can arrive in various structures. Interest groups can give cash, give volunteer specialists to assisting with a political race, as well as give their support to a contender for political race or re-appointment. An underwriting from a major vested party, like a huge trade guild, could go far in aiding an up-and-comer win or hold their position.
Conclusion assignment代写
Interest groups have been seen to have significant impact especially on politics and policy making decisions. However the benefits and cons of interest groups cannot be compared as they seem to most times disrupts business and the normal living and create political tensions between the people and the government. On the other hand, the benefits of interest groups seem to make interest especially on the mere ordinary citizen’s views.
The balance comes where interest groups channel their interest and demands towards initiatives that are important to the people. With regard to the general success of interest groups, I’d say it’s fifty-fifty according to my view point. This is because interest groups have at times managed to hold the government accountable and enabled the creation of favorable policies that are positive to the general well-being of the American people. Insensitive interest groups may also may cause corrupt governance to thrive.
References assignment代写
Berry, J.M., 2015. Lobbying for the people: The political behavior of public interest groups. Princeton University Press.
Bushman, R. and Landsman, W.R., 2010. The pros and cons of regulating corporate reporting: a critical review of the arguments. Accounting and Business Research, 40(3), pp.259-273.
Gilens, M. and Page, B.I., 2014. Testing theories of American politics: Elites, interest groups, and average citizens. Perspectives on politics, 12(3), pp.564-581.
Grossman, G.M. and Helpman, E., 2001. Special interest politics. MIT press.
Klüver, H., 2013. Lobbying in the European Union: interest groups, lobbying coalitions, and policy change. Oxford University Press.
Mahoney, C., 2007. Lobbying success in the United States and the European Union. Journal of Public Policy, pp.35-56.
Turow, J., 2007. Breaking up america. University of Chicago Press.
利益集团如何试图影响政策？他们曾经成功吗？
通过（学生姓名）
代码+课程名称
教授的名字
大学名称
市，州
日期
介绍
公司用来强迫其潜在客户考虑其产品的策略与美利坚合众国的利益集团炮轰或迫使政府做出某些对美国人民至关重要的政策决定的方式相同。人们可能会想知道为什么利益集团似乎具有如此大的影响力，以及其影响的性质是积极的还是消极的。在利益集团对政策制定的总体影响方面，专家们仍存在分歧。本文的目的是更深入地了解利益集团过去和现在如何影响美国的决策，并就美国利益集团在现在或过去是否成功地制定政策做出合理的结论。即便如此，重要的是要了解利益集团组织良好，是一群拥有共同目标和利益的人，并且过去曾积极尝试影响决策者。似乎没有找到并结束或解决之道的讨论是，利益集团是否真的设法影响了政策制定，如果如此，利益集团在多大程度上影响了美国的决策过程。利益集团过去和最近围绕一个核心问题集会，这通常是他们的战略。他们利用了枪支管制，劳工权利和婚姻平等等问题，这些问题在美国是一些常见的问题。
了解兴趣小组
考虑利益集团时，大多数人可能会将他们与立法者和其他政治人物的政治化联系起来。从实际意义上讲，利益集团已在政治领域发挥了更大的影响，但也积极影响着国家机构及其制定法规或政策的方式。首先，在尝试探索其战略以及它们在美国的决策中是否成功之前，必须清楚地理解该概念。政府和治理事务的许多专家认为，任何对公共政策事务有看法的人都可以被视为特殊利益（Klüver，2013年）。同样，在公共政策方面，利益集团通常具有特定的议程。利益集团还努力提高其在政府立法和行政部门的利益，以期获得认可和倾听。政治分析家过去和现在都强调了利益集团对美国大选以及美国政治的影响。由于利益集团对政治的影响在美国历史上已经经历了很长一段时间，因此没有什么比事实更离谱了。通常，利益集团倾向于既定的特定利益，并且主要在政治上影响决策过程。
根据许多事务治理专家的观点，利益集团的效力取决于权力政治和知名度。例如，在过去甚至现在的美国，诸如教师，工会和公共安全团体之类的利益团体总体上都获得了巨大的公众支持。结果，过去和现在，特殊利益集团已经投入了大量资金（Grossman and Helpman 2001）。他们这样做的主要理由是使人们意识到他们支持哪些政治候选人支持他们特别感兴趣的不同职位。利益集团不只是为了获得小额收益而决定影响某些政治运动。他们拥有巨大的利益和议程，大多数人，尤其是公民，甚至都无法掌握。利益集团竭尽全力确保其支持者大量投票。也许这还不够，利益集团在投票时对选民的决定也有很大的影响。此外，利益集团成员积极尝试致电选民，他们也是他们的支持者，在选举期间投票选出有利的候选人。据我所知，这是第一个“战争”利益集团在争取影响美国决策的斗争。这是在影响政治家，游说他们做出对利益集团重要的某些政策决策的过程中的好策略。
利益集团用来影响决策的关键方式
立法领域并不是一个容易受到利益集团影响的地方，尤其是在美国的制度和政治中。然而，利益集团已经投入了大量资金，以确保其推动立法者以及政府立法部门其他工作人员的策略不会徒劳。特殊利益美国的机构已经竭尽全力地影响了州长办公室和美国治理系统中其他理想的强大办公室。 他们能够通过类似地游说立法人员，委员会人员来建立良好的联系，最终达到更高的目标，即县级老板或总统办公室。
因此，利益集团可以亲自或通过以信函，电子邮件，传真的形式进行书面交流来推动上述职位。借助先进的技术，社交媒体平台等其他渠道对美国的利益集团的帮助比以往任何时候都更加重要。一些对媒体有重大影响的利益集团分别利用媒体和新闻渠道，针对他们试图针对的特定系统提出自己的案例（Berry，2015）。使用Twitter活动和Facebook广告之类的技术在推动兴趣小组议程中变得越来越流行。其他人则在一定程度上发布了新闻稿，举行了新闻发布会和集会以推动其议程。一些最具影响力的兴趣团体已开始在新闻媒体上创建有利的故事，以吸引更多关注。在某些情况下，政府及其机构被利益集团的影响力日益扩大，尤其是由于它们从推动其议程的美国公民那里获得了巨大的公众支持。
在利益集团追求某些利益的同时，许多人倾向于以法律的方式进行推理。利益集团经常试图影响美国一些最有权势的人的决策。他们的战略和策略可能也是非法的，因为许多人倾向于思考和想象。兴趣小组的有趣之处在于，他们不是一群兴趣相似的人。人们会对组织化的利益集团的表现感到惊讶，就像政府或竞争激烈的公司一样。很多时候您会听到专业说客（Mahoney，2007年）。这些利益集团采取的行动是由律师和其他专家在采取某些行动之前不断咨询的法律基础上形成的。从一般的角度来看，很容易认为利益集团是非法的。他们的代表可能是治理和法律方面的专家，因此他们有能力采取大胆的举动而不必违反法律。即使这样，有时他们只是向政府机构寻求答案，而政府机构有时可能被迫打球。
利益集团的利弊影响
如上所述，利益集团对决策的影响本身并不是非法的，实际上，利益集团的影响被认为是决策过程中必不可少的要素。但是，就其影响力的优缺点而言，利益集团取决于他们在该集团中可能拥有的权力水平，以及在该利益集团中如何分配权力（Bushman and Landsman 2010）。如果权力不相称，那么影响力就不足以推动他们的议程了。为了权力的利益，利益集团与政策制定者之间的关系在细微的道德界限上存在一条细线，这在参与性民主制或仅仅是妥协或不当影响之间造成了障碍。即便如此，在讨论利益集团是否成功影响政策决策时，重要的是指出利益集团影响的利弊。
潜在利益
与利益集团对政策制定的影响相关的利益研究仍然存在巨大差距。也没有证据表明这种对一般决策有好处。但是，根据一些专家的观点，利益集团可以通过提供他们可能针对的特定利益领域的见识和数据以及提供有关其建议含义的有价值的知识，来帮助改进制定的政策和制定政策的过程。利益集团也发挥了重要作用，尤其是当他们提出自己认为做得不好的政策决定的替代方案时。他们的利益受到政策的负面影响，使得决策者更容易修改其决策，从而造福于全美国的人民（Gilens and Page 2014）。利益集团还承担了使政府对他们为确保政策得到良好执行而做出的决定负责的作用。一些研究人员认为，利益集团的影响有助于游说反对许多民主国家普遍存在的负面政治影响和腐败。根据研究和结果进行的游说，如果受到良好的管制和控制，可以通过施加政治影响力来确保政府部门（例如行政机关和立法机关）的坚决表现，从而成为腐败和治理不善的工具。
利益集团的弊端
利益集团的影响，如果是黑暗的和不平衡的，可能会促使管理层获得回报，政治上的贬低，不合理的影响和国家的束缚。与清偿和政治贬低（这是更明显的贬低类型）形成鲜明对比的是，不合理的影响更为轻率且并非真正违法，这意味着既得当事方可以在不降低非法分期的情况下对战略制定产生影响（Kaufmann等人。 ，2000）。在这种独特的情况下，既得当事方将努力与公共权力机构进行“通信往来”，例如，通过合法地做出努力的礼物，促进聚会，进行探索，以及不同的礼节。
同样，不合理的影响可以通过许诺公共机构慷慨地补偿私营领域中的未来职位来换取帮助以形成准则，或者通过设置以前的神父来实现，在竞选公司中的议员游荡，不受利益集会的影响可能同样会引起国家的抓捕，从而造成不合理的影响。当企业通过向公共当局和立法者非法私下批购来塑造和影响法律和准则的定义时，就会发生这种情况；例如，由于私人利益向意识形态团体支付的非法承诺，而且是政治种族；议会对私人利益进行法律表决。
变革经济的模型表明，企业的所有权和成立可能是他们如何努力发挥影响力的一部分。例如，要求国家主张或私有化的努力必须广泛接受公共当局并与之保持联系，以提高其对国家的影响，而不必寻求非法分期付款。尽管人们普遍期望新公司成立，但他们反而更倾向于吸引人，但更有可能依靠国家的抓捕或监管上的贬低来弥补他们缺乏影响力的余地。
References
Berry, J.M., 2015. Lobbying for the people: The political behavior of public interest groups. Princeton University Press.
Bushman, R. and Landsman, W.R., 2010. The pros and cons of regulating corporate reporting: a critical review of the arguments. Accounting and Business Research, 40(3), pp.259-273.
Gilens, M. and Page, B.I., 2014. Testing theories of American politics: Elites, interest groups, and average citizens. Perspectives on politics, 12(3), pp.564-581.
Grossman, G.M. and Helpman, E., 2001. Special interest politics. MIT press.
Klüver, H., 2013. Lobbying in the European Union: interest groups, lobbying coalitions, and policy change. Oxford University Press.
Mahoney, C., 2007. Lobbying success in the United States and the European Union. Journal of Public Policy, pp.35-56.
Turow, J., 2007. Breaking up america. University of Chicago Press.
