Crises in Canadian Labor Market
加拿大劳动力市场的危机
Labour Movement Is the Canadian labour movement in crisis? If so, what are the main features of this crisis? How did this crisis arise?
Is the Canadian labour movement in crisis? Labour Movement
Is the Canadian labour movement in crisis? If so, what are the main features of this crisis? How did this crisis arise? What are the main social forces and who are the main actors responsible for this crisis? Has the Canadian labour movement contributed to this crisis? If so, is there a general awareness of this within the Canadian labour movement? If you think that the labour movement isn’t in crisis, why not? Why are those who argue it is in crisis wrong? How do the strengths and successes of the labour movement today compare to the past?
The importance of unions can be noted from Camfield’s assessment. Who shed light on the importance of unions and labor movements. He stated in his assessment that unions are indispensable for the success of the working class. However, their existence is inadequate in the contemporary world. The weak unions in the face of the corporate world can be discerned in some recent conflicts which have taken place in Canada (Lewchuk, 2012). The Canadian labor movement has ameliorated the lives of the workers for a long time.
译文：加拿大劳工运动是否陷入危机？劳工运动
加拿大劳工运动是否陷入危机？如果是这样，这次危机的主要特点是什么？这场危机是如何产生的？主要的社会力量是什么，谁是造成这场危机的主要参与者？加拿大劳工运动是否促成了这场危机？如果是这样，加拿大劳工运动是否普遍意识到这一点？如果你认为劳工运动没有陷入危机，为什么不呢？为什么那些认为它处于危机中的人是错误的？与过去相比，今天劳工运动的优势和成功如何？从 Camfield 的评估中可以看出工会的重要性。谁阐明了工会和劳工运动的重要性。他在评估中表示，工会对于工人阶级的成功是必不可少的。然而，它们的存在在当今世界是不够的。在加拿大最近发生的一些冲突中，可以看出企业界面临的弱势工会（Lewchuk，2012）。长期以来，加拿大劳工运动改善了工人的生活。
Some of the rights they have fought for are overtime pay. Labour Movement
Parental and minimum leave, minimum wage, workplace safety measures protection from inequality and harassment and vacation pay, etc. The union work is getting hard to protect their rights. The labor union went into crises gradually by falling along with the obsolete organizational structure. They lacked any strategic plan for themselves. They did not have even a slight political ambition. One of the cases depicted that these labor crises in Canada were centered in Toronto with diverse militant history of organizing the hospitality sector in the region of Toronto.
Labor movements have gone through a number of challenges since the instigation of these crises (Cartwright, 2018). Researchers and social scientists have identified various factors that became the reason for these crises. For instance, globalization is one of such factors which enhanced the existence of the non-unionized workforce through flexible working hours, the greater international trade and the governmental policies in the favor of corporations.
Technological innovation is another key factor affecting the labor unions in the manufacturing sector (UK Essays, 2020). The history of crises in the Canadian Labor movement began in the 1980s which the introduction of globalization, capitalism and advanced technologies. The entire industrial structure changed which debilitated the labor movement of Canada as organizations transformed their structure and manufacturing industries turned into services industries. The colonial influence also affected the labor movement in Canada and nearby countries such as America and Mexico.
译文：他们争取的一些权利是加班费。劳工运动
育儿假和最低工资、最低工资、工作场所安全措施保护免受不平等和骚扰以及假期工资等。工会工作越来越难以保护他们的权利。随着组织结构的陈旧，工会逐渐陷入危机。他们自己缺乏任何战略计划。他们甚至没有一点政治野心。其中一个案例描述了加拿大的这些劳工危机集中在多伦多，在多伦多地区组织酒店业的历史各不相同。自这些危机爆发以来，劳工运动经历了许多挑战（Cartwright，2018 年）。研究人员和社会科学家已经确定了导致这些危机的各种因素。例如，全球化是通过灵活的工作时间、更大的国际贸易和有利于公司的政府政策来增强非工会劳动力存在的因素之一。技术创新是影响制造业工会的另一个关键因素（UK Essays，2020）。加拿大劳工运动的危机历史始于 1980 年代，当时引入了全球化、资本主义和先进技术。整个产业结构的变化削弱了加拿大的劳工运动，因为组织改变了他们的结构，制造业转向了服务业。殖民影响也影响了加拿大和美国和墨西哥等附近国家的劳工运动。
Goldfield and Palmer (2007). Labour Movement
studied the uneven development in Canada’s labor movement. Canada’s economy, its political and labor movements have depicted divided aspects. They were highly influenced by the imperialist colossus to the south. Canada despite being an advanced nation remains very much under the American influence. According to them, the beginning of the Canadian labor union crisis is marked with the dynamic expansion of US capitalism.
The Canadian home industries turned vulnerable in the face of US capital’s expansion and its influence over Canadian markets. The bourgeois class was battered by the series of blows which were material as well as ideological. The complex scenario depicted that neo-liberal restructuring which began with the free trade era did not bolster the Canadian capital like its counterpart the United States. However, the unions were not weaker since the beginning.
In fact, the labor unions registered substantial gains in the years the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. The younger workers instigated a rigorous wave of labor movements in 1965-1966. Over time, the class forces turned against the Canadian working class marking the instigation of the labor union crises with the 1970s global recession. The post-World War II era was known for overproduction. And decline in the profit rates, thus, the high wages the labor union organizations were compromised for the peaceful co-existence of class.
译文：戈德菲尔德和帕尔默（2007）. 劳工运动
研究了加拿大劳工运动的不平衡发展。加拿大的经济、政治和劳工运动描绘了不同的方面。他们深受南方帝国主义巨人的影响。加拿大虽然是一个先进国家，但仍然深受美国影响。他们认为，加拿大工会危机的开始标志着美国资本主义的动态扩张。面对美国资本的扩张及其对加拿大市场的影响，加拿大本土产业变得脆弱。资产阶级受到一系列物质和意识形态的打击。复杂的情景描述了始于自由贸易时代的新自由主义重组并没有像美国那样支持加拿大首都。然而，工会从一开始就没有软弱。事实上，工会在 1960 年代、1970 年代和 1980 年代取得了可观的收益。 1965 年至 1966 年，年轻工人发起了一场激烈的劳工运动浪潮。随着时间的推移，阶级力量转而反对加拿大工人阶级，这标志着 1970 年代全球经济衰退引发了工会危机。二战后的时代以生产过剩而闻名。而利润率的下降，因此，工会组织的高工资被为了阶级的和平共处而妥协。
The global slump precipitated with the increasing dependence of Canada on the international trade in 1973-1975. Labour Movement.Labour Movement
Which instantly caused the financial crises within the states. The labor per unit cost started rising with Canada’s capacity to compete in the manufacturing sector slipping away. This also marked the decline in the demand for Canadian natural resources. As a result, the trade balance surplus of $3 billion turned into $450 million waging war on the working class, targeting the government sector’s employees. Capitalist exploitation became the reason for the decline in the labor union in Canada.
In major cities like Ontario, restructuring of the work environment turned the labor process vehement leading to the concentration of the workplace power in the hand of hostile, anti-union managers who focused on cost reduction and tried to debilitate the labor unions (Goldfield & Palmer, 2007). These uneven developments featured the labor union crises from the beginning.
The decline of unionization began in 1980s and 1990s. The household surveys by statistics Canada depicted that rate of unionization has declined from 37.6% in 1981 to 28.8% in 2014. The rate of decline was predominant among men as the decline was almost 15% points. The largest decrease so far was 8% points which took place in 1990s.
译文：1973 年至 1975 年，随着加拿大对国际贸易的依赖日益增加，全球经济不景气。劳工运动
这立即引起了各州的金融危机。随着加拿大在制造业中的竞争能力逐渐减弱，单位劳动力成本开始上升。这也标志着对加拿大自然资源需求的下降。结果，30 亿美元的贸易顺差变成了 4.5 亿美元，向工人阶级发动战争，目标是政府部门的雇员。资本主义剥削成为加拿大工会衰落的原因。在安大略等主要城市，工作环境的重组使劳动过程变得激烈，导致工作场所权力集中在敌对、反工会的管理者手中，他们专注于降低成本并试图削弱工会（Goldfield & Palmer , 2007)。这些不平衡的发展从一开始就是工会危机。工会的衰落始于 1980 年代和 1990 年代。加拿大统计局的家庭调查显示，加入工会的比率从 1981 年的 37.6% 下降到 2014 年的 28.8%。下降率在男性中占主导地位，下降了近 15 个百分点。迄今为止最大的下降是 1990 年代的 8%。
One of the reasons for decreasing unionization rate that. Labour Movement
Eventually brought crises was the employment shift from industries. And work with high unionization rates such as the construction sector. And manufacturing sector to the occupations with a lower rate of unionization or employment such as the financial sector and other services subsectors and retail trade.
In some regions, the unionization rate was shifted from men to women due to their majority in the industries like healthcare, social security, public administration and education services. Likewise, in the year 1999 to 2014, public sector unionization rates increased from 70.4 percent to 71.3 percent whereas the private sector unionization rate declined from 18.1% to 15.2% (Statistics Canada, n.d.). However, a shift in employment was not the sole reason for the unionization crises.
Some other factors that caused the decline in Canadian Labor Movement are identified by Ogmunson and Doyle (2002). The foreign influence diminished considerably. The labor movement has become highly decentralized. The transformation of unionization from male dominating to female dominating as explained above. The unionization became more of female, public sector and white-collar. Another partial study has indicated that the ethnic origin of the labor elite has become more French Canadian and less British.
译文：入会率下降的原因之一是。劳工运动
最终带来危机的是行业的就业转移。并与高工会率合作，例如建筑部门。制造业转向工会化率或就业率较低的职业，如金融业和其他服务子行业和零售业。在一些地区，由于在医疗保健、社会保障、公共管理和教育服务等行业占多数，工会率从男性转移到女性。同样，在 1999 年至 2014 年，公共部门工会化率从 70.4% 增加到 71.3%，而私营部门工会化率从 18.1% 下降到 15.2%（加拿大统计局，日期不详）。然而，就业的转变并不是工会危机的唯一原因。Ogmunson 和 Doyle（2002）确定了导致加拿大劳工运动下降的其他一些因素。外国影响力大大减弱。劳工运动已经变得高度分散。如上所述，工会化从男性主导到女性主导的转变。工会组织变得更多是女性、公共部门和白领。另一项部分研究表明，劳工精英的种族血统越来越多地是法裔加拿大人而不是英国人。
The ethno-racial composition changes are prominent in the labor movements during the period of its decline. Labour Movement
It has been noted that female representation in labor unionization has increased significantly ( Ogmundson & Doyle, 2002). At the beginning of 1974, labor-friendly trend by the government had reversed. International Labor Organization (ILO) contemplated the laws of restrictions in various regions of Canada. The strength of NDP started decreasing at the federal level. This decline in the membership of unions led to the loss of power at the bargaining table. The labor union became weaker as a result they were given concession in their salaries.
For instance, in the Ontario auto industry, Unifor fought to save jobs in the General Motors who closed their Ontario plant. The instant shifting of production facilities in the countries like China, India, and Mexico was another factor as these countries had low labor cost. The major corporations kept on looking for the countries with lower labor cost, expecting a lower overall domestic cost. The employers started using the threat of lower wages and rollback the staff changing the roles and duties. As a result of which the employer-worker relationship changed significantly causing a negative impact on the unions.
译文：在工人运动衰落时期，民族-种族构成的变化是突出的。劳工运动
已经注意到工会组织中的女性代表显着增加（Ogmundson & Doyle，2002）。 1974年初，政府对劳工友好的趋势发生了逆转。国际劳工组织 (ILO) 考虑了加拿大各个地区的限制法律。新民主党的实力在联邦层面开始减弱。工会成员的减少导致谈判桌上失去权力。工会因此变得更弱，因为他们在工资方面得到了让步。例如，在安大略汽车行业，Unifor 努力挽救关闭安大略工厂的通用汽车公司的工作岗位。中国、印度和墨西哥等国生产设施的即时转移是另一个因素，因为这些国家的劳动力成本较低。大公司不断寻找劳动力成本较低的国家，期望国内整体成本较低。雇主开始利用降低工资的威胁并减少员工改变角色和职责。因此，雇主与工人的关系发生了重大变化，对工会造成了负面影响。
Technological change was another primary factor raising the challenges for the labor movements. Labour Movement
Advanced technology such as artificial intelligence, increasing use of robots replaced human beings leading to overwhelming layoffs. And increased discrimination at the workplace. The induction of new technologies in the industries significantly benefited the highly skilled employees such as programmers, or software engineers.
However, lower and medium-skilled workers faced great pressure as their roles were eradicated altogether. Demographic changes also played a key role in debilitating the labor movement in Canada. The employment creation was more in the service sector than the manufacturing sector. Thus, weakened the unionization as the service sector had a high turnover rate.
The decline in the labor movement is evident in the Canadian labor market and multiple factors are responsible for it. Some of these factors have been identified in the literature. However, some key areas can be addressed to rule out these crises such as raiding must be abandoned right away as it draws valuable resources away from the real mission.
译文：技术变革是给劳工运动带来挑战的另一个主要因素。劳工运动
人工智能等先进技术，越来越多地使用机器人取代了人类，导致大量裁员。并增加了工作场所的歧视。行业中新技术的引入极大地使程序员或软件工程师等高技能员工受益。然而，中低技能工人面临着巨大压力，因为他们的角色被完全取消。人口变化也在削弱加拿大劳工运动方面发挥了关键作用。服务业创造的就业机会多于制造业。因此，由于服务业的人员流动率很高，因此削弱了工会组织。加拿大劳动力市场的劳动力流动下降是显而易见的，这是由多种因素造成的。其中一些因素已在文献中确定。但是，可以解决一些关键领域以排除这些危机，例如必须立即放弃突袭，因为它会从真正的任务中吸取宝贵的资源。
The unions must focus on bringing their voice to the millions of underrepresented workers. Labour Movement
The labor needs to fight for the law reforms that will empower their bargaining. Union democracy is important in this regard. Workers must not be kept captive under a corporation that does not value their voices. Article 4 provides the labor an option to fix their problems. The workers must have the option to leave the union whenever they want.
The most important thing is to create an organizing culture in the labor movement. This requires leadership and other resources such as time and money. The leaders must empower the unrepresented workers of the organization. The Bill 148 has been introduced in Ontario providing a unique opportunity to the workers to take part in the politics and shape their policies and laws.
The importance of labor union cannot be undermined in the contemporary world characterized by globalization and capitalist society. Thereby, rigorous reforms are needed to be implemented in the labor market reinforcing the labor movements (Cartwright, 2018).
译文：工会必须专注于向数百万代表性不足的工人发出声音。劳工运动
劳工需要为法律改革而奋斗，以增强他们的谈判能力。在这方面，工会民主很重要。工人不得被不重视他们声音的公司所俘虏。第 4 条为劳工提供了解决问题的选择。工人必须有权随时选择离开工会。最重要的是在工人运动中创造一种组织文化。这需要领导力和其他资源，例如时间和金钱。领导者必须赋予组织中无人代表的员工权力。安大略省引入了 148 号法案，为工人提供了参与政治和制定政策和法律的独特机会。在全球化和资本主义社会为特征的当代世界中，工会的重要性不容忽视。因此，需要在劳动力市场实施严格的改革以加强劳动力运动（Cartwright，2018 年）。
References Labour Movement
Ogmundson, R., & Doyle, M. (2002). The Rise and Decline of Canadian Labour / 1960 to 2000: Elites, Power, Ethnicity and Gender. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 413-454. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3341550?seq=1
Cartwright, J. (2018). Crisis in the Canadian Labour Movement. Retrieved from LABOUR: https://socialistproject.ca/2018/01/crisis-canadian-labour-movement/
Goldfield , M., & Palmer, B. (2007). Canada’s Workers Movement: Uneven Developments. Labour / Le Travail, 59, 149-177. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/25149758?seq=1
Lewchuk, W. (2012). Canadian Labour in Crisis: Reinventing the Workers’ Movement (review). Retrieved from https://muse.jhu.edu/article/481980/pdf
Statistics Canada. (n.d.). Unionization rates falling. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-630-x/11-630-x2015005-eng.htm
UK Essays . (2020). The Canadian Labour Movement is in Crisis. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/international-studies/the-canadian-labour-movement-is-in-crisis-2940.php
