心理学代写 Critical Analysis Essay
Name
Institution
Critical Analysis Essay
Substance Use Addiction Disorder
心理学代写 In the understanding about the substance use and addiction disorder, psychoanalytic perspective will be used.
Psychoanalysis Perspective 心理学代写
In the understanding about the substance use and addiction disorder, psychoanalytic perspective will be used. Psychoanalytic perspective is associated with a psychologist Sigmund Freud. Being a psychological theory, it is revolving on the treatment and unconsciousness of mind and how individual experiences shape consciousness and thinking. The psychoanalytic model deals with the consciousness and unconscious motive and desires of an individual.
Substance use is considered a product of abnormal personality structure. According to Freud (1912), the three major components form the human personality which are the id, ego, and the superego. The Id is inborn in every child and it unrestrained, primitive, and seek pressure. Ego is developed in life through realities and mostly restrain the id. On the other hand, the superego is shaped by the relationships we create with parents and other people. The three personality components exist simultaneously and complement each other. If one personality becomes dominant than the others, the individual develops abnormal behavior.
In this regard, Freud aimed at strengthening the ego by developing psychoanalysts.
In so doing the ego is given more control over the id thus it becomes independent from the superego. According to Freud, mental disorder is developed when there is unrestrained feeling. He argues that anxiety is built when desires from the id emerge in the form of thought or action. As such, the anxiety signal ego which causes repression and defensiveness in a bid to disguise id desires.
There exist a gap in the intensity of anxiety experienced by a person variable on the external demands and the self-control. Inability to handle traumas in life may lead the victim to be helpless and powerless. Due to the inability to cope with the negativities around, a person can develop a defensive mechanism to keep off the negative feelings. In this reaction, the person tries to manage the anxiety as well as uphold self-image. For instance, in the case of substance addict may insist of having no problem of addiction. As a result of trying to fight anxiety through unconsciousness, the person develops false self-image. 心理学代写
It is argued that addiction is used as a form of defensive strategy for helplessness and powerlessness. In essence, substance use is a futile attempt to compensate internal void feeling which ends up in failure. The substance use is a way of compensating for subjective low self-esteem and anxiety. The state of addiction gives a person a false feeling of acceptance and temporary self-importance. In the state of addiction, a person feels in control of the world which has made him useless and powerless.
Therefore, the addict end using substances to regain the feeling of relief and control of the otherwise oppressive world. Doing this on and on the make, the user makes it the way of life. Consequently, the user fails to understand their distress as well as self-soothing destructive emotion.
心理分析观点心理学代写
在对物质使用和成瘾症的理解中，将使用心理分析的观点。心理分析的观点与心理学家西格蒙德·弗洛伊德（Sigmund Freud）有关。作为一种心理学理论，它围绕着对心理的治疗和无意识以及个人体验如何塑造意识和思维。心理分析模型处理个体的意识，无意识动机和欲望。
物质使用被认为是人格结构异常的产物。根据弗洛伊德（Freud，1912）的观点，构成人格的三个主要部分是身份，自我和超我。这个ID是每个孩子出生的，它不受拘束，原始并寻求压力。自我是通过现实在生活中发展起来的，主要是抑制自我认同。另一方面，超我是由我们与父母和其他人建立的关系所塑造的。人格的三个组成部分同时存在并相互补充。如果一个人格比其他人占主导地位，则该人会发展出异常行为。
在这方面，弗洛伊德的目标是通过发展心理分析来加强自我。
这样，自我被赋予了对ID的更多控制权，因此它变得独立于超我。弗洛伊德认为，精神障碍是在没有拘束的感觉下发展的。他认为，当来自内在的欲望以思想或行动的形式出现时，就会产生焦虑。这样，焦虑信号自我导致压抑和防御，以掩饰自己的欲望。
一个人在外部需求和自我控制方面所经历的焦虑强度存在差距。无法应对生活中的创伤可能会使受害者变得无助和无能为力。由于无法应付周围的负面情绪，一个人可以发展防御机制来抵制负面情绪。在这种反应中，该人试图控制焦虑并保持自我形象。例如，在吸毒成瘾者的情况下，可能坚持认为没有成瘾问题。由于试图通过无意识与焦虑作斗争，因此该人发展出虚假的自我形象。心理学代写
有人认为，成瘾被用作无助和无能为力的防御策略的一种形式。从本质上讲，物质使用是对弥补内部虚空感的徒劳尝试，最终导致失败。物质使用是补偿主观自卑和焦虑的一种方式。上瘾的状态使人有一种错误的接受感和暂时的自我价值感。在成瘾的状态下，一个人感觉到对世界的控制，这使他变得无能为力。
因此，吸毒者最终使用物质来恢复本来压迫性世界的放松和控制感。不断地制造，用户使它成为一种生活方式。因此，用户无法理解他们的痛苦以及自我舒缓的破坏性情绪。
Substance Disorders 心理学代写
Alcohol and Drug Use Disorder
According to American Psychiatric Association (2013) through Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders version five, the substance use and related disorders are associated with different classes of drugs including alcohol, cannabis, inhalants, stimulants, and much more. For illustration, this paper will use a fictional character (Mr. M) who has developed an alcohol use disorder. In support of his disorder DSM -5 will be used as a reference for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. 心理学代写
Generally, substance use is associated with cognitive, behavioral and psychological symptoms. Mr. M developed the habit of alcohol use since the time he was a teenager. Later in life, he started using unknown drugs for injection. Although many are times he has been told of his alcoholism and drug use, he has never acknowledged and always protesting, until recently his wife took him to a psychiatrist to see if his condition can be helped. The psychiatrist developed Mr. M diagnosis and prognosis as follows.
Following are the characteristics and symptoms used to inform the alcoholism and drug use by Mr. M.
i.Increase in his aggression and annoyance
ii.His personality changes erratically
iii.Have depressed 心理学代写
iv.Loss of interpersonal level
v.Changed her priorities in life, like dropped out of school
vi.Excessive alcohol intact and craving for more
vii.Withdrawal
viii.Irrational thinking and decision making
ix.Anxiety
x.Stress
Others physical changes according to Aggarwal et al. (2015), which might be observable on his include bloodshot, dilated the pupil, changes in body weight, and sleeping disorder.
Prognosis 心理学代写
Mr. M used alcohol and other drugs to reduce the amount of stress or to forget the challenges in her life. She uses it as a psychosis mechanism for self-denial. He wants to feel delusional from her problems and reality.
Differential Diagnosis
Furthermore, Mr. M had various symptoms which could be diagnosed resulting to different psychiatrist illnesses. However, although these disorders may be sharing symptoms and characteristics, to arrive at appropriate prognosis and medication, some must be eliminated as a differential diagnosis. Therefore, after an assessment of his condition the following differential diagnosis were ruled out:
i.Nonpathological use of alcohol 心理学代写
ii.Schizophrenia
Treatment 心理学代写
In psychoanalysis perspective, substance addiction is a disorder of self-regulation (Khantzian, 2014). For example, a person who has exposure to violence and abuse during childhood is more inclined to low capacity to regulate negative emotions as well as the inability to with anxiety thus resorting to self-medicating anxiety and mood disorder. However, notably, the distinctive nature of this substance use disorder is that many experiments with them but few get addicted. Additionally, the psychoanalytic model also approaches the process of healing to those in addiction through engagement of self-reflection and offering of emotion management alternatives.
酒精和药物滥用疾病
根据美国精神病学协会（2013）通过《精神疾病诊断和统计手册》第五版，该物质的使用和相关疾病与不同类别的药物有关，包括酒精，大麻，吸入剂，兴奋剂等。为了说明这一点，本文将使用一个虚构的人物（Mr. M）来发展酒精使用障碍。为了支持他的疾病，DSM -5将被用作诊断，预后和治疗的参考。心理学代写
通常，物质使用与认知，行为和心理症状有关。 M先生自十几岁起就养成酗酒的习惯。后来，他开始使用未知药物进行注射。尽管很多时候他被告知酗酒和吸毒，但他从未承认并一直在抗议，直到最近他的妻子将他带到精神病医生那里看他的病情是否可以得到帮助。心理医生对M先生的诊断和预后如下。
以下是M先生用来告知酗酒和吸毒的特征和症状。
i.增加他的攻击性和烦恼
ii.他的性格不稳定
iii.情绪低落
iv.人际关系水平的损失
v.改变她的生活重心，如辍学
vi.完好无损的酒精饮料并渴望更多
vii.提款
viii.理性思考和决策
ix.焦虑
x.压力
根据Aggarwal等人的其他物理变化。 （2015年），在他身上可以观察到的包括血丝，瞳孔散大，体重变化和睡眠障碍。
预后心理学代写
M先生使用酒精和其他药物来减轻压力或忘记生活中的挑战。她将其用作自我克制的精神病机制。他想对她的问题和现实感到妄想。
鉴别诊断
此外，M先生有各种症状，可以诊断出各种精神病。然而，尽管这些疾病可能具有共同的症状和特征，但为了获得适当的预后和药物治疗，必须将某些疾病作为鉴别诊断予以消除。因此，在评估他的病情之后，排除了以下鉴别诊断：
i.非病理性使用酒精
ii.精神分裂症
治疗心理学代写
从心理分析的角度来看，物质成瘾是一种自我调节障碍（Khantzian，2014）。例如，一个在童年时期遭受暴力和虐待的人更倾向于调节负性情绪的能力低下，以及无法焦虑，因此诉诸于自我治疗的焦虑和情绪障碍。然而，值得注意的是，这种物质使用障碍的独特性质是，许多针对他们的实验却很少上瘾。此外，心理分析模型还通过参与自我反思和提供情感管理替代方案，来为成瘾者提供治疗方法。
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, Va.
Aggarwal, A., Vaish, S., Sharma, D., Sushil, C., Usman, N., & Sudarsanan, S. (2015). A study of personality profile and criminal behavior in substance abusers. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 24(1), 35-39. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-6748.160960
Freud, S. (1912). The dynamics of transference. Classics in psychoanalytic techniques.
Khantzian, E. (2014). Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders. Textbook Of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives, 811-819. doi: 10.1007/978-88-470-5322-9_38
