Speech on HIV
演讲稿代写 HIV (human immunodeficiency viruses) is a name of a virus which targets the immune system of a body. It may lead to AIDS…
HIV (human immunodeficiency viruses) is a name of a virus which targets the immune system of a body. It may lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) if not treated properly. In 1983 HIV was isolated and identified in the Pasteur Institute of France by a team of researchers. HIV infection for transmitted to humans from the species of chimpanzees in the region of Africa. In chimpanzees, the virus was the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and it was probably passed to humans because a human was in contact with chimpanzees for food. Some studies also reveal that HIV came into a human from chimpanzees back in the 1800s. Over time, HIV started disseminating slowly across Africa and into various parts of the world.
AIDS, on the other hand, is a life-threatening condition. 演讲稿代写
It’s a chronic disease caused by HIV in humans. It refers to a stage when HIV starts damaging the immune system of the body which means that virus has started interfering with the ability of the body to fight diseases and infection.
The structure of the HIV is enveloped by the layer of lipid that has trimeric transmembrane glycoprotein gp41 embedded in it having glycoprotein gp120 attacked to it. These are the two viral proteins which are attached to the host cell and encoded by the env gene of the viral RNA genome. Beneath the envelope, there is a matrix protein p17, core proteins p6 and p24 and the nucleocapsid protein p7 which are attached to RNA. These are all encoded by the viral gag gene. The viral core has 2 copies of the viral RNA genome (a diploid RNA genome) along with integrase, protease and reverse transcriptase enzymes. All these enzymes are encoded by the viral pol gene. Several other proteins are coded for both HIV-1 and HIV-2 with different immune-modulatory functions.
HIV has the main attachment receptor called CD4 molecule which is present on CD4 positive T (helper) macrophages, lymphocyte, microglial cells. The CD24 molecule binds with viral gp120 which triggers conformational changes and allows the binding of co-receptors (CXCR4 or CCR5). These co-receptors are required for the fusion between the cell membrane and virus envelope. Macrophages have CCR5 co-receptors that are required for HIV strains entry.
HIV attacks the CD4 cells which are a type of white blood cells that protects the body from diseases and infections.
Using the machinery of CD4 they multiply and spread inside the body. HIV life cycle has 7 stages which are binding, fusion, reverse transcription, replication, assembly and budding. In the binding stage, HIV binds itself to the receptors on the CD4 cell surface. In the fusion stage, HIV envelopes a CD4 cell membrane that fuses together allowing the HIV to enter CD4 cells. In the reverse transcription stage, HIV releases inside CD4 and used reverse transcriptase to reverse its genetic material from HIV RNA to HIV DNA. The HIV RNA is converted to HIV DNA and enables the HIV to get inside the CD4 cell nucleus combining the cell genetic material and cell DNA.
In replication, after the integration of CD4 cell DNA, the HIV starts to utilize the CD4 machinery to build a long chain of HIV proteins. In the assembly stage, new HIV protein and HIV RNA move to the cell surface and assemble to immature HIV (which is noninfectious). In the budding stage, the newly formed immature HIV catapult itself out of CD4 cells. Protease (which is an HIV enzyme) is released by new HIV. Protease breaks down into long protein chains giving rise to a mature virus.
Human immunodeficiency is a cause of the HIV virus. One person can get HIV if they get in contact with their infectious blood, their vaginal fluid or semen. One of the most common ways of getting HIV is by sharing the drug needles with someone who is already HIV positive. A pregnant woman can pass the virus to her baby during birth or breastfeeding. The symptoms of HIV involve fever, sore throat, headache, muscle aches, swollen glands, joint pains, skin rashes. These are all the common early symptoms of the infection. The symptoms which appear after a long time and persist are swollen lymph nodes, extreme tiredness, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.
HIV is diagnosed if symptoms persist for a long time. 演讲稿代写
The immune system of a person infected makes antibodies to destroy the virus. Doctors try to find these antibodies in saliva, urine, or blood. Doctors commonly use a blood test to diagnose HIV infection. If the test comes positive it means HIV antigens are found in blood and a test to detect the HIV RNA or DNA shall be conducted.
It could be treated with the combination of drugs called antiretroviral therapy ART which reduces the amount of virus in the body and helps the host to stay healthy. The preventive measure includes, do not have unprotected sex, do not share needles or syringes, do not share personal items such as toothbrush, or razors.
HIV infection varies from person to person. Some people have the ability to survive it and live a normal life while others get diagnosed with AIDS early which is a deadly stage.
URLs for References 演讲稿代写
https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/what-are-hiv-and-aids
